الكاتب: Multiple References

Sulfonamides are broad-spectrum antimicrobials inhibiting both grampositive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some protozoa, such as coccidia.{R-17; 18} They are considered ineffective against most obligate anaerobes and should not be used to treat serious anaerobic infections.{R-86; 90; 93} However, they may affect aerobic organisms that contribute to the lowered oxygen tension in the microenvironment and, as such, they may be useful in certain diseases involving Fusobacteria, although the organism itself is often resistant. The activity of sulfonamides is very sensitive to environment, and this limitation affects the activity of sulfonamides in particular fluids and tissues, such as purulent material, as well as the ability of laboratories to standardize minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of sulfonamides necessary in vivo to inhibit specific cultured bacteria.{R-17} Resistance of animal pathogens to sulfonamides is widespread as a result of more than 50 years of therapeutic use{R-17; 19} and this limits their effectiveness; however, sulfonamides are still widely used in combination with other medications, as in the case of the potentiated sulfonamides. They are also utilized in herd management of disease and some individual animal applications. Cross-resistance between sulfonamides is considered complete.