الكاتب: Multiple References

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) are two important nonsalmonid fish species now emerging in the European aquaculture industry. The production in 2000 was approximately 5000 tons of turbot, mainly produced in Spain. Halibut is a marine cold-water species (8–10 C) currently being developed for aquaculture. The annual production of halibut in Norway and Iceland is currently approximately 750 000 fry, which will produce approximately 2500 tons when slaughtered. Immobilizing ⁄anesthetic agents in marine fish species have mainly been utilized extrapolating the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data known from salmonids (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the actual species is vital for their correct application. The use of benzocaine, the most commonly used anesthetic agent in Norwegian salmon aquaculture, to anesthetize cod (Gadus morhua) has several times caused mortalities when used at the same dose as that used for salmon (Mattson & Riple, 1989).