الكاتب: Multiple References

pharmacodynamic study in the rabbitOesophageal or lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) achalasia associated with peripheral neuropathies, myasthenia gravis, oesophagitis or chronic gastric dilation which may lead to megaoesophagus have been reported to occur in several animal species including dogs (Boria et al., 2003), cats (Martı´nez et al., 2001), pigs (Moses et al., 2003) and horses (Broekman & Kuiper, 2002). On the other hand, it is known that several groups of drugs including anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, beta-adrenergic agonists and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) inhibitors, besides their main indications, are also recommended for the treatment of oesophageal dismotility disorders or for disorders characterized by hypertensive LOS (Boeckxstaens, 2005; Pohl & Tutuian, 2007).