الكاتب: Multiple References

In ruminants, cyclical reticulo-ruminal motility is a critical part of the digestive process. It facilitates microbial break-down of feed in the forestomachs by mixing the digesta and it prevents accumulation of gas by initiating eructation. Opioids are known to inhibit cyclial forestomach motility in different species (Ruckebusch 1983). Recently, opiate antagonists have been shown to stimulate the frequency of the extrinsic ruminal contractions in conscious goats, indicating an inhibitory role for endogenous opioids in the control of cyclical reticulo-ruminal motility (Maas 1982). In the present study, the effects of normorphine were recorded after administration via selective routes: intracerebroventricular, the carotid artery, the aortic arch, the jugular vein, the left gastric artery and the celiac artery. Additionally, the effects of opioids and spasmogenic agents upon isolated longitudinal reticular strips (sheep) and circular ruminal strips (goat) were determined in vitro.