الكاتب: Multiple References

H I S T O R Y In the latter half of the nineteenth century, hemoglobinuria was reported in Scottish cattle following parturition (1). Similar descriptions from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America followed under a variety of different names. Parturient hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria (2), red water (3) and nutritional hemoglobinuria (4) have been used synonymously with postparturient hemoglobinuria (PPH) which is the designation favored in many publications (5).